Shield of the Bureau Permanent des Congresses, which awarded the 35th Congress to Cambridge in 2018.
PROGRAMME OF EVENTS
Monday 15th August
10-13.40 Registration at Clare College Memorial Court
13.45-16.30 Grand opening ceremony at the Cambridge Union Society, Bridge Street CB2 1UB.
Procession of dignitaries
Address of welcome by the Secretary General Dr Paul A Fox, A.I.H.
Opening of Congress by Major Tim Breitmeyer, D.L. on behalf of H.R.H The Prince Edward, K.G., Earl of Wessex, Patron of the Congress. Major Breitmeyer is a Member of Her Majesty’s Honourable Corps of Gentlemen at Arms, and Her Majesty’s Deputy Lord Lieutenant for Cambridgeshire and the Isle of Ely.
Welcoming address from Kaare Seeberg Sidselrud, A.I.H, President of the Bureau Permanent des Congresses.
Dr Manuel Pardo de Vera y Díaz , President of the preceeding 34th International Congress of Genealogical and Heraldic Sciences in Madrid, makes his address, and hands over the Congress baton to Dr Richard C.F.Baker
Dr Richard C.F.Baker, F.H.G., A.I.H, President of the Congress, receives the baton and makes his own adddress of welcome.
Plenary Lecture 1 Mr Timothy Milner, M.A., Hon F.B.S., former Proctor of the University of Cambridge, Fellow and Deputy College Praelector of Darwin College, and Vice Chancellor’s Ceremonial Officer and Pro-Proctor for Ceremonial.
The ceremonial life of the University. Mr Milner delved into a world whose traditions have evolved over many centuries, exploring little know aspects, and providing an insider’s view. He considered the principal actors involved, and the academic costumes that are worn.
Plenary Lecture 2. Dr David L. Smith, M.A., Ph.D., F.R.Hist.S., is Fellow, Director of Studies in History, and Graduate Tutor at Selwyn College, Cambridge. His books include Constitutional Royalism and the Search for Settlement, c. 1640-1649 (1994), A History of the Modern British Isles, 1603-1707: The Double Crown (1998), The Stuart Parliaments, 1603-1689 (1999), and (with Patrick Little) Parliaments and Politics during the Cromwellian Protectorate (2007). Most recently, he has edited (jointly with Patrick Little and Joel Halcomb), Letters, Writings and Speeches of Oliver Cromwell, III: 1653-8 (2022).
Oliver Cromwell and the University of Cambridge. This talk set the tone of the Congress by considering University itself in a period of Revolution, Reformation, and Restoration. The Lord Protector and Regicide Oliver Cromwell was a local magnate and a graduate of Sidney Sussex College. The talk considered why Cromwell has divided opinion so dramatically since his own lifetime and why he remains such an intensely controversial figure.
16.30-16.45. Parade with military escort to Clare College. The order of procession:
Congress banner
Military drummers
Congress banners
Honour guard formed by The Honourable Artillery Company
Deputy Lord Lieutenant
Heralds and Heraldic Officers
Congress Dignitaries
Private Banners
Delegates.
16.45-19.30 Musical drinks reception in the Clare College Scholars’ Garden.
LECTURE PROGRAMME SUMMARY
THE CONGRESS THEME: REFORMATION, REVOLUTION, RESTORATION.
Tuesday 16th August 09.00-10.30 Session 1 Elton-Bowring Room.
Scholarly genealogy in the 20th century. Chair Dr David Wright, F.S.A, F.S.G.
09.00 Dr Janet Few (England) is a writer, lecturer, and President of the Family History Federation, where her particular focus is promoting family history societies and making family history a more inclusive activity. She is the author of several non-fiction books and two historical novels.
The Family History Revolution. This talk explored how the genealogical landscape has changed over the 45 years since this congress was last held in England. Topics covered included: the role of genealogical societies in the family history boom of the 1970s and 1980s; how televisual genealogy has impacted on genealogical research; the digital revolution and the evolution of online data provision; the influence of social media and the part played by genetic genealogy.
09.45 Dr Nathaniel Lane Taylor, Ph.D, F.A.S.G. (U.S.A.) is Editor and Publisher of The American Genealogist. He holds a doctorate in medieval European history from Harvard University (1995), and taught history and medieval studies at the university level for several years before turning to focus on genealogical writing. His published research includes genealogical investigations in medieval Europe and colonial North America; the history of genealogy; heraldry, and related fields. Dr. Taylor is Secretary of the American Society of Genealogists, and Registrar of the Committee on Heraldry of the New England Historic Genealogical Society
The Scholarly Genealogical Revolution in the United States, 1922–1964. At the end of the nineteenth century, the study of history was elevated to an academic discipline within American universities, following a predominantly German academic model, while genealogy and local history remained amateur pursuits. It was not until the 1920 and 1930s that a revolutionary wave of genealogists emerged to elevate scholarship emulating the rising standards of academic history—and they did so entirely outside the academy. Donald Lines Jacobus of New Haven, Connecticut, embracing the genealogical exactness exemplified by Horace Round, established a new genre of evidence-based genealogy. He inspired a network known as the “Jacobus School.” These revolutionary foundations trained the next generation of genealogists who were to make use the second genealogical revolution of the twentieth century: the advent of computer-based genealogical data both before and during the Internet age.
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Tuesday 16th August 09.00-10.30 Session 2. Riley Auditorium. Restoration of orders of knighthood and a Revolutionary Heraldic Database. Chair: Nils Bartholdy, A.I.H.
09.00. Dr Martin Sunnqvist, LL.D., A.I.H. (Sweden), is Chairman of the Societas Heraldica Scandinavica and an Associate Professor of Law at Lund University. Between 2014 and 2020 he served as a District Judge in the Malmö City Court.
The Swedish Orders of Knighthood: alleged restoration, almost revolutionary reformation, and restoration again. When the Swedish royal orders of knighthood were established in 1748, two of them (the Order of the Seraphim and the Order of the Sword) were allegedly restored ancient orders. During the 19th and 20th centuries, the Order of the Sword, the Order of the Polar Star and the Order of Vasa (the latter added in 1772) were more and more handed out based on rank and time of service. This led to strong criticism, connected to general criticism against monarchy and its institutions, which resulted in that the orders were not granted to Swedish citizens from 1975 onwards. In 2021, a parliamentary committee suggested that the orders will again be granted from 2023 onwards, a suggestion that is based on a broad political agreement. The value in using the historically established orders is emphasized, but at the same time the granting of orders will not be based on rank and time of service but on an assessment of an individual’s efforts for Sweden. The history of the Swedish orders of knighthood thus provides examples of restoration by way of inventing traditions, reformation of the system of orders in the context of a deep change in the formal constitutional framework, and a new reformation, striving to re-establish traditions but at the same time introducing radically new approaches.
09.45. Prof. Dr. Torsten Hiltmann, a.i.h. and Philipp Schneider, M.A. (Germany). Torsten Hiltmann is a professor of Digital History at Humboldt-Universität Berlin and an associate member of the Academie international d’héraldique. His research focuses on heraldry and visual communication in the late medieval and early modern period as well as on the integration of computer based methods into historical studies, especially Machine Learning and Semantic Web Technologies, and on the epistemological change of historical research through the application of digital methods. As a trained medievalist, his dissertation dealt with compendia of late medieval heralds in France and Burgundy. He heads the research project “Coats of Arms in practice”, funded by VolkswagenFoundation, where currently a heraldic database is being built, linking coats of arms and their descriptions to the contexts of their use. Philipp Schneider is a research assistant at the chair of Digital History at Humboldt-Universität Berlin since 2020. He works in a project called “Coats of Arms in practice”, where he is among other things responsible for modeling and contextualizing heraldry as a historical source with the help of Semantic Web Technologies. His dissertation project – also situated in this project – deals with the study of coats of arms on wall and ceiling paintings in French and German speaking areas.
The history of heraldry revisited. Computer-assisted analysis of the development of the composition of coats of arms in the Middle Ages and Early modern times. The presentation explores the issue of increasing complexity and differentiation in heraldry over the Middle Ages and in the Early Modern Period, based on digital methods. For this purpose, we introduce the Digital Heraldry Ontology whose first version is about to be released within the “Coats of arms in practice” project at Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin. Since the early times of computers, those machines have been used to describe coats of arms. We present a new approach, and demonstrate how it can be used to analyse the development of heraldry over time. Using so called Linked Data, these descriptions are embedded into a larger dataset, which links the single heraldic description to the historical objects and sources, where the corresponding coats of arms have been depicted, as well as to information about these sources, the bearers of the coats of arms, and the social roles they inhabited, thus also integrating the historical context of the coats of arms into our system. In our presentation, we would like to use selected examples to illustrate in which way such an ontology can be employed to better understand the developments of heraldic compositions throughout the Middle Ages and the Early Modern Period.
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Tuesday 16th August 11.00-12.30 Session 3 Elton-Bowring Room. Chair: Dr Paul A. Fox, F.H.G., A.I.H.
The Protestant Reformation and its impact of Germany and the New World.
11.00. Dirk Weissleder, A.I.G. (Germany), is Secretary General of the C.I.G.H., and national chairman of the German Working Group of Genealogical Associations (D.A.G.V).
From Luther to the peaceful revolution: Families and individuals between 1517 and 1989 in Central Germany. The lecture will describe how for nearly half a thousand years – between the reformation in 1517 and the peaceful revolution of 1989 – Central Germany has been an epi centre of European history. The reformation lead to the peasant war of 1525, while The Thirty Years` War (1618 – 1648) burnt Central Germany to the ground, reducing the population to small numbers. The dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806 by Napoleon, the failed German revolution in 1848, two world wars, German division (1945), the peaceful revolution of 1989, and the German reunification in 1990, have all had a fundamental impact on families and individuals, and on how genealogists can trace back noble and non-noble protagonists of history. In English, with slides in French.
11.45. James R. Terzian, F.S.A. Scot., F.H.F, and Virginia Morgan (U.S.A.). James Terzian is the Project Co-Director of The Miles Morgan Origins Project.
The Miles Morgan Family: A Case Study in Utilizing Genetic Genealogy to Validate Primary and Secondary Documentation for Scholarly Research. The upheavals of the early 17th century drove minority Christian sects to colonize what became New England. In the four centuries since, a good portion of the documentation on these emigrants, their origins and the vital statistics critical to scholarly understanding of the families has been damaged, disaggregated, or lost. But advances in the past two decades in commercially available DNA analysis is making possible the restoration and reconstruction of some of this information. At the beginning of the 20th century research into Miles Morgan’s origins, funded by the branch of his descendants including J. P. Morgan, seem to have led to fabrication of records and destruction of sources in Britain. Family genealogists have been trying to recover the losses since the 1970’s. Because of the historic figures and companies involved, nothing less than academically defensible results could be accepted. DNA analysis has succeeded in resolving conflicts in the descents to a mathematically and biologically significant degree.
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Tuesday 16th August 11.00-12.30 Session 4. Riley Auditorium
Scotland: The Lyon Office. Chair; Mark Dennis, a.i.h.
11.00. Plenary Lecture 3. Dr Joseph J. Morrow, C.B.E., Q.C., LL.D., Ph.D., D.L, The Rt Hon the Lord Lyon King of Arms (Scotland).
Scots Heraldry and the Scottish Legal System – a partnership of more than 400 years. 2022 marks the 350th anniversary of the 1672 Act of the Scottish Parliament which established the Public Register of All Arms and Bearings in Scotland.
11.45. Elizabeth Roads, L.V.O., F.S.A., F.S.A.Scot., A.I.H. (Scotland), is Secretary and Councillor of the A.I.H., Secretary of the Order of the Thistle, sometime Snawdoun Herald, Lyon Clerk and Keeper of the Records at the Court of the Lord Lyon.
The history of the Baronets of Nova Scotia and the Knights of Thistle through heraldry.The Baronets of Nova Scotia (1624 to 1707) and the Order the Thistle (revived in 1687) were both the result of revolution and restoration in the life of the Crown of Scotland when it and the Crown of England were separate but held by the same person. The heraldic history of both orders can be traced in various armorials and in the development of the Public Register of All Arms and Bearings in Scotland (established in 1672). The paper will look at the establishment of these three evocative expressions of Scottish sentiment in the 17th century and how that sentiment has been reformed over the succeeding three centuries. Language English-slides French and German.
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12.30-14.00: Lunch meeting of Bureau Permanent, Bennett Room, Clare College.
12.30-14.00: Lunch provided for delegates in the Garden Room. Visits to Exhibition Areas.
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Tuesday 16th August 14.00-15.30 Session 5 Elton-Bowring Room.
New understandings of rolls of arms and analogous sources part 1. Chair: Dr Paul Fox, A.I.H.
14.00. Dr Steen Clemmensen dr.phil., A.I.H., F.S.A. (Denmark) has published extensively on medieval armory, armorials, the origin of the use of arms, armorial practice, and funeral monuments. He is a former secretary of Societas Heraldica Scandinavica, and in 2012 was awarded both the Arvid Berghmans heraldiska pris , and the Prix Dr. Walburga von Habsburg Douglas from the C.I.G.H.
Medieval England in times of revolution – reflections in armorials. England suffered two major internal conflicts during the 14th century during the reigns of Edward II (1307-27) and Richard II (1377-99) at the end of which both kings were murdered. Four armorials have been connected to those crises. One, the Parliamentary Roll of Arms, surveys the top layer of the lay community at the beginning of the first reign with a glimpse of the favouritism of Edward II. A second, First Dunstable, lists members of the early opposition, while a third, Newcastle (formerly Boroughbridge) was presumed to give the core of the royal army at the defeat of the king’s enemies. The last, part of the Golden Fleece, includes the top lay layer at the end of the reign of Richard II, but modified after the accession of Henry IV – when fortunes had changed. The structure of the armorials, the ranking of key players, the associations and arguments for the assessments will be discussed and compared with contemporary armorials, which appear oblivious of politics. NOT GIVEN due to Covid. See Supplemental Lectures below: Asklund. Will be published in the Proceedings.
14.45. John Edenzor Titterton, M.A., F.S.A., F.H.S. (England) is a retired engineer and a council member of both the Heraldry Society and the Monumental Brass Society. His M.A. is in Local History and Archaeology. He co-edited of the Hatchments in Britain series. He researches, speaks and writes upon heraldry, other antiquarian subjects and local and family history.
The Adlington Roll, a window into the English Peerage during the Reformation. The Adlington Roll is an heraldic roll of arms bound into the Adlington MS, (Chetham’s Library, Manchester). There are four sections, Kings, English peerage, Cheshire gentry and Lancashire gentry. It evidently dates circa Christmas 1553, during the first few months of the reign of Queen Mary I, and shows how uncertain matters were at the transition from Protestant King Edward VI to Catholic Queen Mary. That there are only two dukes present, Norfolk and Suffolk, demonstrates the fluidity surrounding those few months. Norfolk is present, only a month or so after he was restored to the title by Mary (October 1553). Whereas Suffolk is only a few months, even weeks away from losing his title and head (February 1554). The roll’s artist included some arms which suggest there were some ennoblements anticipated to be made by Mary, which did not happen. It can illustrate some of the factors impacting the evolution of the English peerage at this uncertain time.
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Tuesday 16th August 14.00-15.30 Session 6 Riley Auditorium.
Consequences of the English Reformation and of the Restoration of the monarchy in 1660. Chair: Dr Bruce Durie, A.I.G.
14.00. Susan T. Moore, M.A., F.S.A (England) graduated from the University of St Andrews in the 1970s and has spent all her working life in archives and libraries carrying out historical and genealogical research for clients. For many years she has specialised in Chancery Proceedings and other legal records, particularly those in the period 1500 to 1800. She is the author of Family Feuds – An Introduction to Chancery Proceedings, and of Tracing Your Family History in the Courts of Equity. She is a trustee of the British Association for Local History and an accredited member of the Association of Genealogists and Researchers in Archives (AGRA).
The English Chancery court for land disputes following political upheaval. Chancery Proceedings are an invaluable source of information for people and lands. Disputes arose when there was a major political change such as the Reformation of the 1530s with the Dissolution of the Monasteries, and with the Restoration of the monarchy in 1660, these records can shed light on the real effect these great changes had on ordinary people, the lands they held, and the disputes that inevitably arose.
14.45. Dr David Alan Wright, M.A., Ph.D., F.S.A., F.S.G., F.H.G. (England) is Principal of the Institute of Heraldic and Genealogical Studies in Canterbury. A professional genealogist since 1976, He taught classics and palaeography at University College, London, and at the University of Kent at Canterbury, and is the author of various works, with a primary focus on his home county of Kent.
Parish Registers 1538-1660: Reformation, Revolution, Restoration.In the reign of Henry VIII still no national system obtained for registering the births, marriages and deaths of the general population, even if there was already a clear precedent from certain Catholic countries. Proof of age and descent therefore remained problematical. This would all change in October 1538 following general enquiries and a final injunction by Thomas Cromwell that the incumbent of every parish would henceforth register all events on a weekly basis. The dislocation of the Civil War and consequent ejection of many ministers led to much abandonment of careful record-keeping, but, contrariwise, a temporary new system of registering banns and civil marriages suddenly produced quantities of information never seen previously or indeed thereafter for another century. From 1660 some retrospective entry-keeping along with the validation of recent weddings made up in some degree for a return to a generally minimal level of recording. The talk is based on the author’s forty years of familiarity with the material and will be illustrated by Kentish examples.
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Tuesday 16th August 16.00-17.30 Session 7 Elton-Bowring Room.
Heraldry of national arms 1. Chair: Dr Rolf Sutter, A.I.G., A.I.H.
16.00. Dr Michael Göbl, A.I.H. (Austria), was archivist at the Austrian State Archives from 1977-2019. At the end of 2019 he retired as Deputy Director of the Department of House, Court and State Archives. His publications focus primarily on research into written and pictorial sources of the Middle Ages and modern times, covering coats of arms, seals and insignia in the broadest sense. Related to this is his research in the fields of aristocratic history, genealogy and archives.
Das habsburgisch-österreichische Wappen als Herausforderung zwischen Dynastie, Anspruch, Föderalismus und Zentralismus von 1740 bis zum Ende der Monarchie
The Habsburg-Austrian coat of arms as a challenge between dynasty, pretensions, federalism and centralism from 1740 to the end of the monarchy. The lecture will examine the development of the Habsburg-Austrian coat of arms from 1740 to 1918. In 1740 the Habsburgs became extinct in the male line (agnates) and continued in the female line (cognates) via Maria Theresa and Franz Stephan of Lorraine. In 1804, the Austrian Empire was established and two years later, in 1806, the Holy Roman Empire, which the Habsburgs had ruled for almost four centuries, was declared over. Sixty years later, 1867, the Compromise with Hungary created two halves of the Empire. However, the dispute over a common national coat of arms lasted until 1915. The impacts on the state coat of arms in the course of the political conflicts and the newly awakening national influences and its new composition will be examined, as well as the challenges to the Habsburg dynastic coat of arms in the narrower sense. Language: German, with slides in English.
16.45. Dr Don Manuel Pardo de Vera y Díaz, LL.D., A.I.G. (Spain), is President of the Royal Association of the Nobility of Spain, and Vice President of the C.I.G.H. He is a corresponding academic of various learned societies, director and professor of nobiliary and heraldic emblems at the School of Genealogy, Heraldry and Nobility, of Hidalgos of Spain. He was awarded Lazslo Bohus de Villagos Prize by the C.I.G.H. in 2014. He is a member of the Editorial Board of the magazine Hidalguía and a member of the Advisory Council of the magazine Estudios Nobiliarios y Emblemáticos.
El escudo de España- the coat of arms of Spain.Creación y evolución del escudo de España. Entre la reforma y la revolución (1808-1981). Las diferentes composiciones y simbología del escudo de España, consecuencia de los cambios dinásticos en la corona de España y los cambios políticos en el gobierno de la nación: ocupación del trono por José Bonaparte (1808-1813), reinado de Isabel II (1813-1868), gobierno provisional (1868-1870), reino sin rey, reinado de Amadeo de Saboya (1871-1873), I república (1873-1874), reinado de Alfonso XII (1874-1931), II república (1931-1936), dictadura (1939-1975) y reinado de Juan Carlos I (1975-hoy).
The creation and evolution of the coat of arms of Spain. Between the reform and the revolution (1808-1981). The different compositions and symbology of the coat of arms of Spain, consequence of the dynastic changes in the Spanish crown and the political changes in the government of the nation: occupation of the throne by Joseph Bonaparte (1808-1813), reign of Isabella II (1813-1868), provisional government (1868-1870), kingdom without a king, reign of Amadeo of Savoy (1871-1873), 1st republic (1873-1874), reign of Alfonso XII (1874-1931), 2nd republic (1931-1936), dictatorship (1939-1975) and reign of Juan Carlos I (1975-1981). Language-Spanish with slides in English.
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Tuesday 16th August 16.00-17.30 Session 8 Riley Auditorium.
Heraldry of national arms 2. Chair: Elizabeth Roads, A.I.H.
16.00. Dr Stoyan Antonov, Ph.D., a.i.h. (Bulgaria), is an Аssistant Professor at Plovdiv University “Paisii Hilendarski”. He is a founder and the first chairman of the Bulgarian Heraldry and Vexillology Society (2004 – 2019), and an honorary member of the Macedonian Heraldry Society. He lectures in heraldry at degree level at the Academy of Music, Dance and Fine Arts in Plovdiv and the University of Veliko Tarnovo.
Crown and Restoration: A Projection of the Past in the Design of the Bulgarian Heraldic Crown. Only one element of the state arms – the crown, will be studied. It is loaded with meanings, both in terms of revolutionary changes and connotations of the past. Despite the blazon being set in the 1991 Constitution, no consensus was reached on the emblazon, as it was unclear whether a crown should be present and what its design should be. The republic “restored” the royal coat of arms, but with a newly designed crown. This communication problematizes the arguments of various political parties, emphasizing the fear of restoration among former communists that the symbolic return to the old coat of arms will become a step towards the restoration of the monarchy.
16.45. Dr. Agnė Railaitė-Bardė, A.I.H. (Lithuania), is Chair of the Lithuanian Heraldry Commission and works as Chief Specialist for Lithuanian Heraldry in the Office of the President of the Republic of Lithuania. She also works at the Lithuanian Institute of History and recently published a monograph “Origo et Arma. Origins and the Coat of Arms in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in the 16th–18th Centuries” (in Lithuanian). She gave lectures for bachelor students at Vilnius University (2014–2020). Her main academic fields of interest are heraldry and genealogy of the nobility and the Lithuanian state, and municipal heraldry.
The Greater Coat of Arms of Lithuania: To Be, or Not to Be? The coat of arms of Lithuania, named Vytis, has a long and rich history which begins in the 14th century. After Lithuania came under the rule of the Russian Empire in 1795, the heraldry of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, which had been used for several centuries, disappeared from public spaces. It returned when Lithuania gained independence in 1918. During the interwar period, the restoration and creation of state, national and municipal symbols took place. The Soviet occupation once again shook the history of Lithuanian heraldry to its foundations, restored again following independence in 1990. Alongside the issue of the standard of Lithuanian state coat of arms, the idea of a greater coat of arms, which is still sporadically alive today, is being revived. To be, or not to be, that is the question.
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17.30-19.00 Board meeting of the A.I.G, Bennett Room, Clare College
18.00-19.00 College Library visits to Pepys Library, Magdalene College, Wren Library, Trinity College and Gonville & Caius College Library.
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Wednesday 17th August 09.00-10.30 Session 9 Riley Auditorium.
Reformist Themes. Chair: Jan Anema, A.I.G., a.i.h.
09.00. Matthew Hovious (Spain), holds an Advanced Degree in Genealogy, Heraldry and Nobility Studies from the Marqués de Avilés school in Madrid. He works as a professional genealogist and has nearly two decades’ full-time work experience building lineages from primary source records at archives in every area of Spain, and in other European nations. He has worked for assorted American television programmes included on-screen appearances on Who Do You Think You Are? with actor Martin Sheen and Faces of America with politician Linda Chavez.
Legislating Damnatio Memoriae in Spain’s Twentieth-Century Peerage.The Spanish government has taken the revolutionary step of bringing forward legislation to abolish at a stroke all titles of nobility granted between 1948 and 1974 by a previous head of state, General Francisco Franco, a singular reformation of the country’s field of Honours Law. Many outside Spain will be unaware that from 1948 Franco routinely granted new titles as well as augmentations of honours bestowed by earlier Spanish sovereigns. We will examine the legal precedents and the basis for a government’s decision to selectively void honours granted in previous eras. In closing, the talk will consider the wider implications for Spain’s peerage and for honours systems as a whole if, against the backdrop of campaigns to ‘decolonise’ everyday life and to remove statues and other memorials to earlier achievements now deemed controversial, elected governments opt for the annulment en masse of all honours bestowed by a specific fons honorum.
09.45. Gonzalo Borda (Peru) is a Full Member of the Peruvian Institute of Genealogical Research. He has been awarded the Cross of Benemérito of the Society of Founders of the Independence of Peru and the Medal of the Bicentennial of Peru.
The Reform of an Inca social genealogy. The aim of this talk is to penetrate the forest of a genealogy linked to the new race which extinguished the original native lineages. It will consider the creation of this new ethnic group, while revealing the transparent concepts and stony impostures which informed the two worlds. Peru has just completed the Bicentennial of its Independence (1821-2021). Therefore, it is a reasonable moment to reassess the nature of the amalgam, and to look afresh at the sixteenth century genealogies contained within the sagas from a turbulent era. NOT GIVEN due to military action in Ukraine. See Supplemental lectures: Findlater, below.
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Wednesday 17th August 09.00-10.30 Session 10 Elton-Bowring Room
Restoration of heraldic authority. Chair: Robert Watt, A.I.H.
09.00. Richard d’Apice A.M., A.I.H. (Australia), is a former President (2003-2020) of the Australian Heraldry Society and current Registrar of its Australian Heraldic Register. A career lawyer, he was the principal author of the State Arms, Symbols and Emblems Act 2004 of the Australian State of New South Wales. He is a former office holder of the National Trust of Australia, the Society of Australian Genealogists and the Royal Australian Historical Society. As heraldic adviser to the Australian Roman Catholic bishops he has designed arms for many bishops and church bodies in Australia and Oceania.
Restoration of heraldic authority in Malta and a comparison with the current situation in Australia. The exercise of heraldic jurisdiction by the Republic of Malta, after its absence from the island nation for nearly 50 years, is an exciting development both for what it represents for Malta and for what it demonstrates can be achieved in the other Commonwealth countries which do not yet have their own heraldic authorities, whether monarchies or republics. Maltese developments are compared with those in Australia where jurisdiction is still claimed by the English College of Arms. A ministerial exercise of the Australian Royal Prerogative has accorded grants by the College of Arms the same standing as self-assumed arms in Australia. This is followed by an overview of recent developments in the manner of exercising the right to self-assumption and the creation of the Australian Heraldic Register.
09.45. David B. Appleton, B.S., a.i.h. (U.S.A.), is an author of three books on heraldry and a frequent speaker at the international heraldry congresses since 1996, in addition to regularly posting on his blog, Heraldry: Musings on an esoteric topic.
A brief history of heralds and heraldic organizations in the United States of America following independence. Following independence, and continuing up through today, there have been a number of proposals for and organizations which have attempted to fill the “heraldic void” created by American autonomy from Britain, some with more, and some with less, success. How have these proposals been received? What laws have been introduced which affect heraldry in the United States? What organizations have been established to guide or to assist Americans in their creation and use of heraldry? And what is the status of the use of heraldry in America today? We will try to answer these questions in a chronological review of the regulation and use of heraldry in the United States from the War of Independence through today.
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Wednesday 17th August 11.00-12.30 Session 11 Riley Auditorium.
The DNA Revolution part 1. Chair: Dr Paul Fox, F.H.G., A.I.H.
11.00. Plenary Lecture 4. Prof Dr Toomas Kivisild, Ph.D. (Belgium), is Professor of Human Genetics at the University of Leuven. Of Estonian origin, between 2006 and 2018 Prof Kivisild was a lecturer in human evolutionary genetics at the University of Cambridge Department of Archaeology and Anthropology. He has published widely, and eloquently, in his field.
Genetic connectedness between modern and ancient genomes. The main focus of this lecture will be insights gained from European skeletal remains, with a particular focus on Cambridgeshire, and how these relate to living populations. Advances in ancient DNA methods have enabled us to explore the genetic ancestries and relationships with past communities in ever increasing detail. In this presentation specific focus will be on approaches that link community structures extracted from large biobank-scale data from present-day populations of Estonia, the UK and Belgium with ancient genomes from Iron Age, Roman and Medieval periods. Genetic ancestry and relatedness refer to different levels of population structure at which we can identify our common origins with others within and outside our own community. While mitochondrial DNA and Y chromosome analyses have been useful in allowing us to trace deep in time connections between uniparentally related individual, they cover only tiny fraction of the genetic links to our ancestors and living relatives. With whole genome analyses we can identify wide spectrum of ancestries and relationships not only between us and other living individuals but also with those from past populations. We need to proceed with caution as the identification of relatedness can be influenced by demographic events and mating customs in population histories.
11.45. Laura Ann House, M.Sc. (England) graduated with distinction in Genealogical, Palaeographic, and Heraldic Studies from the University of Strathclyde, focusing on the application of Y and autosomal DNA to the investigation of surname changes. She has written articles, led courses, and spoken at numerous conferences about genetic genealogy, also appearing on the television and radio. Laura currently works as the primary genetic genealogist in the UK division of Ancestry Pro Genealogists, and she is a member of the Register of Qualified Genealogists (RQG). In her work she uses DNA data to solve unknown parentage cases and historical genealogical quandaries.
DNA Testing: The Genealogical Revolution.This talk will discuss the ways in which DNA testing has reformed genealogical best practice, revolutionised the field of genealogy beyond our wildest imaginings, and restored the personal histories of people who previously had no access to this information. In terms of reformation, professional genealogists are currently re-evaluating the genealogical proof standard in light of this new technology. Any methodology that does not incorporate both elements may be lacking, and if researchers wish to remain at the cutting-edge of the field, they must learn to work with this new and invaluable resource.
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Wednesday 17th August 11.00-12.30 Session 12 Elton-Bowring Room
Development of the Office of Arms in England. Chair: Prof Dr Luc Duerloo, A.I.H.
11.00. Dr Adrian Peter Ailes, M.A., D.Phil., F.S.A., F.R.Hist.S., F.H.S., A.I.H. (England) is a retired archivist at The National Archives, UK, and currently an Honorary Research Associate at Bristol University, and Leverhulme Emeritus Research Fellow, preparing an edition of Elias Ashmole’s Berkshire church notes taken on his Visitation of that county. He is a Vice-President of The Heraldry Society and member of several editorial boards including The Coat of Arms and Heraldisk Tidsskrift. He is a former chair and current member of Education Committee of the A.I.H.
A Quiet Revolution: New light on the first chapter of English heralds, 1421. Towards the end of Henry V’s reign, and not that long after his famous victory at Agincourt, a quiet revolution took place in English heraldry. As far as we know the first ever formal chapter of English heralds was convened. Detailed examination of a hitherto little-known account of this important event has thrown important new light on what was agreed on that occasion. It is a sad tale of deceit, forgery, and shameless propaganda, but is hoped that recent finds concerning this turning point in English heraldry will go some way to uncovering what did happen and when.
Lectures by Academic Bursary Winners part 1. Chair: Prof Dr Luc Duerloo, A.I.H.
11.45. Agnieszka Żurek, M.A. (Poland), has just completed her M.A. in English philology at the University of Wrocław. She hopes to continue her studies in the Doctoral School of the same university. Her paper on ‘Heraldry in J.R.R. Tolkien’s Legendarium’ will shortly be published in The Coat of Arms. William Morris’s works and the archaization in his novels was the theme of her earlier B.A. dissertation.
Restoration of Form, Reform of Matter: Heraldry in Late Prose Romances of William Morris. The study focuses on eight late prose romances of William Morris. The heraldic elements are discussed in relation to the authentic heraldry of the times the story is set (if it is identifiable), to the imaginary heraldry of medieval chivalry romances, and to the heraldry of the author’s time. The heraldic systems which can be reconstructed from the plots of these romances are largely influenced by imaginary heraldry, especially from the Arthurian canon, as there are numerous allusive coats of arms and archetypal figures of knights bearing plain shields, such as Black Knight and White Knight. Morris combines elements derived from heraldry of different places and times (including pre-heraldic). The great majority of the coats of arms belong either to sovereign nations/tribes or to communities such as municipal guilds and knightly orders. Morris’s heraldry may be interpreted as an instrument of social reform, corresponding with Morris’s political ideas.
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12.30-14.00: Lunch meeting of the C.I.G.H., Bennett Room, Clare College.
12.30-14.00: Lunch provided for delegates in the Garden Room. Exhibition Area visits.
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Wednesday 17th August 14.00-15.30: Session 13 Elton-Bowring Room
Lectures by Academic Bursary Winners part 2. Chair: Mrs Elizabeth Roads, L.V.O., A.I.H.
14.00. Drăgan-George Basarabă (Romania) is currently enrolled in a master’s degree in art history at the University of Alba Iulia, with a thesis focused on the monumental heraldry in Timișoara. He is a member of the “Sever Zotta” Romanian Institute of Genealogy and Heraldry and an honorary member of the Transylvanian Association of Heraldry and Vexillology.
Religious Tolerance Reflected in the Grants of Arms Issued by the Princes of Transylvania (1541-1765). This paper aims to examine how the policy of religious tolerance adopted after the confessional diversification resulting from the penetration of the Reformation in Transylvania in the 1540s was reflected in the policy of granting heraldic insignia to priests or pastors belonging to Roman-Catholic and Orthodox denominations, as well as to Lutherans, Calvinists and Unitarians. After the Habsburgs took control of the principality, we once again see arms granted to Roman-Catholics, but also to Greek-Catholics – former Orthodox priests united with the Catholic Church as a result of the Counter-Reformation. Thus, the grants of arms issued to priestly figures in the Principality of Transylvania perfectly reflect the religious tolerance, diversity, and state policy of this Carpathian state.
14.45. Nathaniel Nagar, M.A. (Israel), is a Ph.D. student at the University of Haifa. His subject is Cultural and Religious Aspects of Early Modern English Heraldry. Between 2010 and 2014 he was engaged in historical studies at Tel Aviv University.
Heralds and Antiquaries as Keepers of the Social Order in Early Modern England. This paper deals with the extraordinary cooperation between Heralds and Antiquarians during the ‘Long Reformation’ in England – a period characterized by an iconoclasm that endangered the genealogic memory inherent in heraldry. At the same time, attempts of unworthy people were made to integrate into the nobility class illegally based on forged arms and genealogy. In the 16th and 17th centuries various antiquaries operated throughout England, some of whom chose to focus on recording arms from public spaces, probably out of fear of their loss. At the same time, heralds used the method of visitations to England’s counties to verify genealogies. These two groups – both of nobility class – ultimately worked for the same goal: preserving social order. The Elizabethan Antiquaries Society, which operated in the late 16th and early 17th centuries, chose to hold their meetings at the Heralds’ Residence. My contention is that this choice created connections hence cooperation between the members of the two groups, like information sharing, joint ventures, and the use of the same documenting convention. On the one hand the antiquarians learned the heraldic language, and on the other hand, heralds learned the antiquarian method of perambulation, rather than merely making visitations, passively oriented.
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Wednesday 17th August 14.00-15.30: Session 14 Riley Auditorium.
The DNA Revolution, part 2. Chair: Dr Richard Baker, F.H.G., A.I.H.
14.00. Prof Mark Watson-Gandy (England), is Chair of the Biometrics and Forensic Ethics Group, a Home Office N.D.P.B., and a member of the Home Office Science Advisory Council. He is a practising barrister and is a Visiting Professor at the Universities of Westminster and Lorraine.
Genetic Genealogy: from Scottish Baronets to Serial Killers. Genetic genealogy is the application of DNA analysis and traditional genealogy to infer relationships between individuals. Comparison of individuals is carried out using commercial genealogy databases. Were the UK to adopt genetic genealogy to solve crimes, processes would be needed to ensure the security of the data and to ensure the genetic analysis was carried out in an accredited analytical environment which could offer security, proper process, and confidentiality. To support this there would be a need for genealogists to undertake this work, with a new professional body to regulate them.
Medieval Genealogy. Chair: Dr Richard Baker, F.H.G., A.I.H.
14.45. David E. Rencher, A.G., C.G., F.U.G.A., F.I.G.R.S. (U.S.A.), is Director of the Family History Library and Chief Genealogical Officer for FamilySearch. A professional genealogist since 1977, he has earned both U.S. professional credentials: Accredited Genealogist with ICAPGen in Ireland research and Certified Genealogist with the Board for Certification of Genealogists. He is a fellow of the Irish Genealogical Research Society, London, and the Utah Genealogical Association. He is a past president of the Federation of Genealogical Societies and currently serves on the board of directors of the National Genealogical Society.
Using the Resources of FamilySearch for Medieval Genealogy and Heraldry Research. This presentation will focus on an examination of the resources available through the FamilySearch website, currently available in thirty international languages. Participants will be invited to explore the resources of the FamilySearch catalog and the FamilySearch Research Wiki. The catalog serves as the portal to exploring the wealth of resources available and the wiki contains numerous pages with links to medieval and heraldic resources.
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Wednesday 17th August 16.00-17.30 Session 15 Riley Auditorium.
Heraldry of national arms, part 3. Chair: Prof Dr Peter Kurrild-Klitgaard, A.I.G, A.I.H.
16.00. Dr Henrik Klackenberg Ph.D., A.I.H. (Sweden), recently retired as State Herald at the Riksarkivet in Sweden, a post which he held from 1999. He was appointed as Chamberlain in 2013.
His earlier career included Researcher at Riksantikvarieämbetet (National Board of Antiquities) 1979-1984, Doctoral research and teaching at Lund university 1984-1992, Curator at Statens Historiska Museum (Museum of National Antiquities) 1992-1993, and Director of Kungl. Myntkabinettet (Royal Coin Cabinet) 1993-1998.
King Gustav I of the Vasa dynasty and the symbols of royal power. In 1521 the nobleman Gustav Eriksson of the Vasa family initiated a revolt that finally broke Sweden out of the Kalmar Union, made himself king and founder of a royal dynasty. This lecture will focus on the development of heraldry on seals, coins, regalia and other symbols of royal power during his reign (1523-1560). Important sources for this study are the seals of Gustav Vasa as a nobleman, regent and king. The coins of this period also carry information of the heraldic development. The king’s funeral in 1560 was an ambitious display of royal power, modelled on the funeral of the emperor Karl V which had taken place in Brussels in 1558. Here, heraldry had an important role and in Sweden this was the first time that arms for each province appeared.
16.45. Bruce Patterson B.A., B.Ed., F.R.H.S.C., a.i.h. (Canada), has been Deputy Chief Herald of Canada since 2010. He was appointed Saguenay Herald in 2000, and promoted to Saint-Laurent Herald and Registrar in 2008. He is an Associate of the Académie international d’héraldique, and a Fellow of the Royal Heraldry Society of Canada.
A Bourbon Restoration in the Arms of Canada. In 1921, King George V proclaimed arms for the Dominion of Canada. The design, intended to show continuity with the Royal Arms of the United Kingdom, included a quarter of the royal arms of France. In spite of the title of the lecture, this reflected not a claim to the throne of France, but an acknowledgment of the French fact in Canada, and it could not have happened without a reclamation of the royalist and Catholic heritage of New France in the iconography of francophone Canada at the beginning of the last century, very much in opposition to the anti-clerical nature of the government of the French republic and the symbolic heritage of French Canadians in the 19th century. This choice would have a lasting legacy in the symbolic representation of Canada in the following century. My paper will reflect on the choices made in the creation of the arms of Canada, and it will provide an analysis of the importance of the fleur-de-lis in grants from the Canadian Heraldic Authority, with a statistical analysis of the occurrence of the emblem in modern Canadian heraldry. Ironically, while the symbol has decreased in importance in post-royalist France, it has found a solid home, and even a form of symbolic restoration, in Canada, in spite of the fact that modern francophone Canada retains few other links to the outlook of the ancient regime.
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Wednesday 17th August 16.00-17.30 Session 16 Elton-Bowring Room.
Impact of Reform on territorial arms. Chair: Dr Adrian Ailes, A.I.H.
16.00. Dr. Gerard Marí Brull, Ph.D (Spain), has been an Associate Professor at the Unit of Medieval History, Modern History, Palaeography and Diplomacy, within the Department of History and Archaeology, Faculty of Geography and History, at the University of Barcelona, since 1985. He teaching subjects include palaeography, heraldry, genealogy and sigillography.
Revolutions, Restorations and Heraldic Policy during the Reign of Ferdinand VII (1808-1833).The Reign of Fernando VII (1808-1833) is very complex one, and included several translations of power between Carlos IV and Fernando VII (from father to son and again son to father), and abdication in favour of Napoleon Bonaparte, a liberal revolution in 1820, and a second restoration in 1823. Therefore, there were different loyalties to different governments and kings: loyalty to the Spanish Bourbons, Charles IV and Ferdinand VII, loyalty to Joseph I, Napoleon’s brother and King of Spain, loyalty to the Emperor, who commanded the French generals and also created military and civil governments in some territories not linked to Joseph I. These resignations, appointments, revolutions and restorations brought changes in the heraldic signs of the administration and of power, one after another. The goal of this paper is to draw a heraldic map with the different emblems used in each territory.
The science of sigillography and new interpretations of early heraldry. Chair: Dr Adrian Ailes, A.I.H.
16.45. Peter G.R. Howarth, B.Ed. (England), is a retired solicitor and educationalist. Since retiring in 2006 he has focussed his efforts on medieval social history, especially the twelfth to fourteenth centuries, on sigillography, and on heraldry.
Looking at the start of heraldry: should we restore an old sigillographic approach? In 1876 the French sigillographer, Germain Demay, looked at the seals of twelfth-century families, mainly from the north-east of France, to find the last time they used conventional, non-heraldic seals and the first time that they used seals with heraldry. Applying Demay’s method to early English comital seals produces similar overall results. Although there are heraldic-looking seals from the 1140s, like those of the Clare earls of Hertford and Pembroke, the counts of Vermandois and Meulan, and Henry the Lion, duke of Saxony and Bavaria, there are also non-heraldic seals associated with them that question how far they constitute true heraldry. We therefore need to take relevant non-heraldic seals into account, and not limit ourselves to studying just heraldic examples. We need to restore Demay’s approach.
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17.30-19.00 Board meeting of the A.I.H., Bennett Room, Clare College
18.00-19.00 College Library visits to St John’s College Library and the Wren Library, Trinity College.
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Thursday 18th August 09.00-10.30: Session 17 Elton-Bowring Room.
Revolutionary systems for Genealogy. Chair: Dr Rolf Sutter, A.I.G, A.I.H.
09.00. Simon Fowler (England), has worked for The National Archives on and off for over thirty years. A former editor of Family History Monthly and Ancestors magazines, he has authored well over a dozen books, mainly genealogical help guides. He is a Council member of AGRA, an Associate Teaching Fellow at Dundee University, and regular lecturer at the Society of Genealogists.
The Card Index: a revolution in record keeping.This paper will describe how card indexes evolved from the 1870s. They were originally a key tool in the transformation of American business practices after the Civil War. The idea was quickly adopted by governments and businesses around the world as they were easy to create and maintain. The paper will also describe how a few of the key sets of card indexes still used by genealogists today were created. In particular it will look at how the Red Cross used cards to keep trace of prisoners of war from every nation during the First World War, how the British Foreign Office summarised the despatches and telegrams that arrived by their tens of thousands each day, and finally how the International Tracing Service used cards to record details of the victims of the Holocaust.
09.45. Prof. Dr-Ing Dominikus Heckmann Ph.D. (Germany), of the East Bavarian Technical University Amberg-Weiden.
A new genealogical ordering system to denote all kind of Kinship and Affinity relations. This talk will present an extended and refined new, simple, uniform genealogical ordering system that combines smoothly Galton’s Sequential system to denote ancestors with the modified Henry system to denote descendants.
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Thursday 18th August 09.00-10.30: Session 18, Riley Auditorium.
New understandings of rolls of arms and analogous documents, part 2. Chair: Dr Stephen Thiry, A.I.H.
09.00. Klaas Padberg Evenboer (Netherlands), is editor of the heraldic magazine Blazoen and chairman of the College of Heralds of the Dutch Heraldry Society (N.G.H.). He is a regular contributor to the Flemish magazine Heraldicum Disputationes. His research focuses on medieval tournaments and heraldry in connection with genealogy, mainly of the Burgundian Netherlands and adjacent territories. He is a member of the Royal Dutch Society of Genealogy and Heraldry, of Herold (Berlin), and of the Société Suisse d’Héraldique.
Development of style in the heraldic codex of Hendrik van Heessel, King of Arms of the Ruwieren.
A new analysis of the heraldic codex compiled by Hendrik van Heessel between 1433 and approximately 1460. Van Heessel served under Emperor Sigismund, king of the Romans Albert II and Frederick III, and Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy. This lecture will analyse the different drawing styles that can be distinguished in his heraldic codex and the development thereof. It examines the question of why certain coats of arms series are drawn in more detail and what that means. The distinguishable styles will also be linked and compared with some known and unknown heraldic manuscripts.
09.45. Hannah Iterbeke M.A. & Claire Toussat M.A. (Belgium). Claire Toussat is scientific assistant at Royal Institute for Cultural Heritage (KIK-IRPA), Brussels and an Independent painting conservator, having obtaining separate Masters in art history and in conservation of paintings at the University Panthéon Sorbonne in Paris.
Hannah Iterbeke is Curator at the Museum Hof van Busleyden in Mechelen. After obtaining her Master’s degree in art history at Leuven in 2015, Hannah worked as a junior researcher at Illuminare – Centre for Medieval and Renaissance Art in Leuven. In 2017 she joined the ArtGarden research project (2016-2020). Her publications have included papers in the journals Textile: Cloth and Culture and IKON – Journal for Iconographic Studies.
Searching for Unity: Revisiting the Coats of Arms of the 1491 Chapter of the Golden Fleece held in Mechelen. The 15th chapter of the Order of the Golden Fleece, held in the city of Mechelen in 1491, was an important instrument for Maximilian of Austria to restore and perpetuate the power and authority of the Burgundian-Habsburg monarchy. Witnesses to this crucial chapter of 1491 are the coats of arms which hung in the stalls above each knight in choir of the St. Rumbold’s church, and are still preserved in situ today. More than 500 years later, these pieces are in poor condition and in need of a thorough conservation treatment. To this end, an interdisciplinary research project was launched focussing on material-technical analyses and (art) historical research. The study has already led to some exciting discoveries concerning the politically charged arrangement of the heraldic panels in their original display context. As a result, this paper can shed new light on the physical and hierarchical position of the knights of the Order during the 1491 chapter and will simultaneously attempt to embed these findings in the tense period after the Flemish revolts.
Language: English, slides in French.
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Thursday 18th August 11.00-12.30: Session 19, Riley Auditorium.
Protest and migration. Chair: Dr David Wright, F.S.G., F.H.G.
11.00. Plenary Lecture 5. Dr Nick Barratt, Ph.D. (England), is a genealogist and Director of the Senate House Library at the University of London. He worked at the Public Record Office, now The National Archives, from 1996 to 2000 before leaving to work as a specialist researcher at the B.B.C., whilst establishing Sticks Research Agency. He is also CEO of Nation’s Memory Bank and advisor at Digital Estate Corporation. He is currently involved in the project the Family History Show, a genealogy video magazine. He is perhaps best known as genealogical consultant for series 1 to 4 of the BBC show Who Do You Think You Are?
A march through time: the genealogy of protest and reform. This talk looks at a key protest or reform movements of each century, and highlights how sources can reveal the impact on communities and the role our ancestors played in the movement.
11.45. John Stuart Titford M.A., MèsL, F.S.A., F.S.G., F.H.G. (England) is a professional genealogist, a freelance writer, a lecturer, and an antiquarian bookseller. He has written a number of books and articles on family history, and is the author/editor of the latest edition of the Penguin Dictionary of British Surnames. He is a Trustee, and Chairman of Examiners, of the Institute of Heraldic and Genealogical Studies.
Migrants on the move: “bounce-backers”. Many of our ancestors and their families left home in search of a better life elsewhere, but a good number later returned to the place they had left originally, as if they had never been away. They were restored to their homes and their loved ones. Using detailed examples from the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, this lecture aims to describe the phenomenon of migrants who returned home, while introducing original source material, some of it mainstream, some delightfully different.
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Thursday 18th August 11.00-12.30: Session 20. Elton-Bowring Room.
Counter Reformation and Counter Revolution. Chair: Dr Andrew Gray, F.H.S., a.i.h.
11.00. Dr Tamás Körmendi, M.A., Ph.D., dr. habil., A.I.H. (Hungary), is associate professor and head of the Department of Auxiliary Studies of History at Eötvös Loránd University [ELTE] —Budapest, School of History. He obtained his dr. habil. Inheraldry in 2014. He is the author of more than 100 scientific publications on medieval and early modern history and heraldry, among them two monographs. He is a specialist in heraldry, archival studies, and latin philology. NOT GIVEN, see Supplemental lectures, Combs-Bennett, below.
Symbols Related to Catholic Counter-Reformation in the Heraldry of the Kingdom of Hungary in the 17th–18th Centuries. This paper is an attempt to fill a gap in Hungarian heraldic research, taking as its theme the complex picture of the Hungarian noble and municipal heraldry in the early modern period. It draws upon the totality of the armorial letters issued by Hungarian kings in the period (about 2,500 charters). Special attention has been paid to the heraldic representations of catholic saints which is a general feature in Hungarian municipal heraldry from the middle ages. This developed different characteristics during the period of the counter-reformation and was greatly influenced by Central European baroque aesthetics. Particular attention is paid to the symbol of the cross and its revival in the heraldry of Hungarian aristocrats, noblemen and municipalities, both as a symbol of Christianity against the Ottomans and as a symbol of the counter-reformation against all protestant confessions. Hungarian protestants did not use the cross as a symbol. The use of so-called catholic symbols in their coats of arms was not simply a choice of confession in the early modern Kingdom of Hungary, but also a gesture of loyalty to the state and the reigning Habsburg dynasty.
11.45. Dr Nathaniel Lane Taylor, Ph.D., F.A.S.G. (U.S.A.), is Editor and Publisher of The American Genealogist. He holds a doctorate in medieval European history from Harvard University (1995), and taught history and medieval studies at the university level for several years before turning to focus on genealogical writing. His published research includes genealogical investigations in medieval Europe and colonial North America; the history of genealogy; heraldry, and related fields. Dr. Taylor is Secretary of the American Society of Genealogists, and Registrar of the Committee on Heraldry of the New England Historic Genealogical Society
An Heraldic American Counter-Revolution: Honorary Grants of Arms to Americans by British Heraldic Authorities, 1918–1960. The American Revolution severed all claims to jurisdiction by the English and Scottish heraldic authorities over their populations in their former colonies. The leaders of the new republic, notably President Washington, declined to erect similar heraldic regulatory authorities. A century later, Americans saw a great surge in interest in their colonial ancestry, and public interest in heraldry grew in parallel. Beginning just after the First World War, several Americans sought validation of their British roots through grants of arms from English and Scottish heraldic authorities. John Ross Delafield of New York, a veteran of the War, led this charge by securing English and Scottish grants or matriculations representing his ancestral and allied families. The precedents sought and established by Delafield and other counter-revolutionaries in these years ushered in the systems of honorary heraldic action by British authorities—English, Scottish, and later Irish—that persist to this day. Drawing on the abundant archives of the New England Historic Genealogical Society’s Committee on Heraldry, where many such granted arms were registered, this presentation will illuminate the development of British honorary grants or matriculations of arms to Americans from 1918 to 1960. Correspondence, memoranda, and patents allow us to explore the motives and perspectives of the Americans, and the British heraldic authorities, who worked to set these systems in motion.
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12.30-14.00. Lunch meeting of the I.C.O.C., Bennett Room, Clare College.
12.30-14.00 Lunch provided for delegates in the Garden Room. Visits to Exhibition Areas
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Thursday 18th August 14.00-15.30: Session 21 Riley Auditorium.
The Genealogy of Revolutions. Chair: Dr Richard Baker, F.H.G., A.I.H.
14.00. Dr Bruce Durie, B.Sc, Ph.D., A.I.G. (Scotland) is a Genealogist, Heraldist, Author, Broadcaster and Lecturer. He is a Fellow of the University of Edinburgh, Shennachie to the Chief of Durie, a Freeman and Burgess of the City of Glasgow and has Right of Audience at the Court of the Lord Lyon.
The genealogy of the American Declaration of Independence of 1776, and why it has no relationship with the Arbroath Letter of 1320. An examination of : the origins of the American Declaration of Independence and possible influences (its “genealogy”); the nature and intent of the Arbroath Letter of 1320 and the erroneous readings of it; the lack of evidence that the two are in any way connected; the mediaeval mindset, the Scottish Enlightenment mindset and the proto-American mindset; how the mistaken connection to Tartan Day in the USA has come about and is perpetuated.
The impact of the Protestant Reformation on Heraldry, part 1. Chair: Dr Richard Baker, F.H.G., A.I.H.
14.45. Prof. Dr. Luc Duerloo A.I.H. (Belgium), is professor in ordinary at the University of Antwerp and a member of the Class of the Humanities of the Royal Flemish Academy of Belgium for Science and the Arts. He is a co-author of the Armorial of the Belgian nobility and serves as president of the Flemish Heraldic Council and as a board member of the A.I.H.
When the Saints went marching in: Representations of Saints in the Municipal Heraldry of the Low Countries. Representations of saints were a rarity in the municipal heraldry of the Low Countries before the nineteenth century. The newly established Kingdom of the Netherlands brought a radical, if unpremeditated, change. A textbook example of a Restoration regime that sought to cloak the institutional structures installed by the French Revolution with the outward trappings of the Ancien Régime, it ordered all municipalities to either have their old coats of arms confirmed or have new ones granted. In some predominantly Catholic regions of the country that led to the largescale adoption of representations of the patron saint of the local parish as the sole or main charge in the municipal arms. For a long time these stereotypical saint’s arms occupied an important place in the municipal heraldry of the Netherlands and Belgium. Over time almost 80 different saints came to feature in the municipal arms of either country. There has been a gradual disappearance of local patron saints from municipal heraldry from the final decades of the twentieth century onward.
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Thursday 18th August 14.00-15.30: Session 22. Elton-Bowring Room.
Revolutionary era heraldry, part 1. Chair: Dr Henrik Klackenberg, A.I.H.
14.00. Dr Andrew Gray, Ph.D., F.H.S., a.i.h. (England). Formerly an industrial research chemist, Andrew became on retirement a Council member and officer of the Heraldry Society. As well as managing the Society’s digital image library and overseeing the relaunch of its website, he has initiated a programme to collect and digitally publish documentary sources not readily accessible to the student of heraldry, under the title Heraldry Archive. This has included an image library of funeral heraldry, armorials of the Order of the Garter, and various surveys, journals and bibliographies. The Society awarded him a Fellowship.
Garters at War: The exiled Sir Edward Walker and the renegade Sir Edward Bysshe, their work and its fate under the restored King Charles II. The triumph of the Parliamentary army and the subsequent execution of King Charles I in 1649 might have been a catastrophe for English heraldry, and the College of Arms in particular. But Parliament had taken the precaution of filling the vacant office of Garter Principal King of Arms with one of its own members, Edward Bysshe, who was able to safeguard the priceless collections of the College and maintain it as a fully staffed, fully functional office of state. Meanwhile the Royal appointee, Edward Walker, accompanied King Charles on campaign and then his successor Charles II in exile. Both Garters issued grants of arms in significant numbers, but when the monarchy was restored in 1660 the acts of the London-based Kings of Arms were annulled. However, Bysshe was allowed to continue as Clarenceux King of Arms under Garter Walker. This offered opportunities for reinstating grants of the Commonwealth heralds, and this talk will trace how far this succeeded.
14.45. Prof Dr Peter Kurrild-Klitgaard, Ph.D., F.S.A. F.R.Hist.S., A.I.H, A.I.G. (Denmark). Noble and burgher arms in revolutionary times: Examples of political profiles in 18th-20th century Denmark. This was a time where new men more easily rose to the top of society, while older families were displaced, and where new ideas of liberty, equality and justice often found their ways into heraldry. The paper focuses on an examination of the choices of armorial bearings of two Danish counts, who were both proponents of radical reforms, but with quite different social backgrounds, and with different choices of symbols: Count Johann Friedrich Struensee (1737-1772) and Count Adam Gottlob Detlev Moltke (1765-1843). The arms of various other prominent 19th century Danish politicians are also considered.
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Thursday 18th August 16.00-17.30: Session 23. Riley Auditorium.
The impact of the Protestant Reformation on Heraldry, part 2. Chair: Elizabeth Roads, A.I.H.
16.00. John Malden, M.Phil., F.H.S., F.H.S.S. (Scotland), is Slains Pursuivant to the Earl of Errol, Lord High Constable of Scotland, and the immediate Past President the Heraldry Society of Scotland. He served as Unicorn Pursuivant of Arms at the Court of the Lord Lyon 2012-2015. He is a retired local government officer (Museums); late Director of the Paxton Trust. Editor the Dunvegan Armorial 2006 and Ordinary of Scottish Arms 2014. He has been elected to the Fellowships of the Heraldry Society of Great Britain and the Heraldry Society of Scotland.
Reformation ? – what Reformation ? Religious symbolism in Scottish Heraldry. Following the unsuccessful attempts of John Hamilton, Archbishop of St.Andrews to negotiate reforms for the church in Scotland an Act of the Scottish Parliament was passed on 24th August 1560 banning the Pope’s jurisdiction in Scotland. Subsequent legislation forbade the use of religious imagery and the iconoclasts had a field day of destruction in the Nation’s churches. Whilst religious imagery, such as the use of altar breads as a charge, disappeared from personal heraldry, burghs in Scotland stood fast in the use of their ancient seals. When it came to matriculating burghal arms in later years, at least three Lords Lyon allowed blatant religious imagery – Sir Alexander Erskine of Cambo from 1672; Sir Francis Grant from 1929 and Sir Thomas Ines of Learney from 1950 (all staunch episcopalians) granted thirty two burgh arms between them. In spite of a long history of legislation to discourage Roman Catholicism and the associated religious imagery, Scotland has retained a diversity of local authority heraldry clearly referring to pre-Reformation times.
16.45. Dr. Steven Thiry, Ph.D., A.I.H. (Belgium), obtained his Ph.D. in 2015 from the University of Antwerp with a dissertation titled ‘Matter(s) of State. Heraldic Display and Discourse in the Early Modern Monarch (c. 1480-1650)’. As a postdoctoral researcher he has worked and published on dynastic culture and political symbolism in France, the Spanish Monarchy and the Habsburg Netherlands, with a specific focus on the political use of heraldic imagery. Since 2019 he had serves as the secretary of the Flemish Heraldic Council and as a heritage policy advisor to the Flemish government. He chairs the Education Committee of the A.I.H.
Heraldic Revenge and Reward in the Dutch Revolt. In the second half of the sixteenth century, civil strife ravaged the Habsburg Netherlands. Dissatisfied nobles and rebel factions with Protestant sympathies defied royal authority in a violent conflict that eventually tore the country apart. Central to the imagery of revolt, heraldry proved a potent means to express dissent, as well as an instrument to redefine political relations. The Spanish king Philip II was faced with disobedient noble subjects whose heraldic identity depended upon his consent. Stripping them of these visual honours (alongside corporal punishment and confiscations) thus affirmed Habsburg power. At the same time, such heraldic punishment asked for careful consideration. Armorial concessions, after all, could equally promote loyalty to the royal cause. The present paper explores this interaction between heraldic punishment and reward during the Dutch Revolt. It sheds new light on a destructive campaign against the arms of rebel nobles in 1569-1570, followed by armorial gestures intended to restore Habsburg authority and which changed heraldry’s nature in the attempt.
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Thursday 18th August 16.00-17.30: Session 24 Elton-Bowring Room.
Revolutionary era heraldry, part 2. Chair: Prof Dr Luc Duerloo, A.I.H.
16.00. E. O. Joseph McMillan, a.i.h. (U.S.A.), is a retired member of the U.S. Senior Executive Service with 34 years in the Department of Defense. His heraldic research focuses on the colonial and early post-Independence eras in the United States, on which he has produced more than a dozen published articles, chapters, and presentations. He is past president of the American Heraldry Society, a member of the Committee on Heraldry of the New England Historic Genealogical Society, and an associate member of the Académie internationale d’héraldique. He has been honoured with the Presidential Rank Award of Meritorious Executive and the Defense Distinguished Civilian Service Medal.
Early American State Heraldry: Sources, Processes, and Symbolism. The military and political American Revolution of 1775-1783 was inevitably accompanied by an iconographic one. The British royal emblems that dominated the official heraldic and sigillographic landscape throughout the colonial era could no longer serve to represent the emerging independent polities that would go on to form the United States. The great seals of nine of the thirteen colonies were engraved with the royal arms of George III; five of them bore his effigy as well. The Revolution thus presented both a need and an opportunity to express independent identities in graphic form, not only in the form of seals but also on printed forms, coins and banknotes, military flags and accoutrements, and in many other applications, both official and unofficial. But where did these new emblems of sovereignty come from?
Language English, slides French.
16.45. Cédric Pauwels (Belgium), is a lawyer and notary, a heraldic author, and a member of the Council of heraldry and vexillology of the French Community of Belgium. He serves as administrator of the Genealogical and Heraldic Office of Belgium.
Héraldique royale en période de révolutions. Sens de l’adaptation des membres de la Famille Royale de Belgique. Royal heraldry in times of revolutions. Adaptations by members of the Royal Family of Belgium. Léopold Ier, roi des Belges, dont les variantes successives de ses armoiries, reflètent les évolutions géopolitiques européennes d’un prince de Cobourg à la Cour de Saint-James jusqu’au fondateur d’un nouvelle dynastie, sera le point de départ de réflexions relatives aux incidences politiques sur les armoiries personnelles des membres de la Famille royale au travers de cas particuliers comme celui de l’accession de Léopold II à la souveraineté sur le Congo, la création de l’empire du Mexique et son influence austro-français, la transposition dans l’ordre juridique belge de l’arrêté impérial et royal pris par l’empereur d’Autriche en 1896 ainsi que la disparition de l’écu de Saxe par non usage suite à la 1ère guerre mondiale et son rétablissement par l’arrêté royal de 2019.
Leopold I, King of the Belgians, whose successive variants of his coat of arms reflect the European geopolitical developments from a Prince of Coburg at the Court of Saint-James to the founder of a new dynasty, will be the starting point for reflections. relating to the political effects on the personal coats of arms of members of the Royal Family through specific cases such as the accession of Leopold II to sovereignty over the Congo, the creation of the Mexican Empire and its Austro-French influence, the transposition into the Belgian legal order of the imperial and royal decree taken by the Emperor of Austria in 1896 as well as the disappearance of the Saxon shield by non-use following the 1st world war and its reinstatement by the royal decree of 2019.
Language-French.
SUPPLEMENTAL LECTURES.
Shannon Combs-Bennett, B.S., M.Sc, (U.S.A.) studied biology with genetics at the University of Indiana, and graduated with an M.Sc. in Genealogical, Heraldic, and Paleographic Studies from the University of Strathclyde in 2019, where she is currently a Ph.D. candidate. In 2017 she was awarded the Benjamin Franklin Silver Award from the Independent Book Publishers Association for Genealogy Basics In 30 Minutes.
Birth of a new Aristocracy: The controversial birth of lineage societies in the United States. The study of genealogy has morphed over the past 250 years in the United States. From purely antiquarian studies to mainstream, Americans have suffered from a love hate relationship with the field particularly when it comes to lineage societies. These organizations, whose membership is based on genealogical proof of descent from an applicable ancestor, have thrived and multiplied even when the public media were tearing them apart for being bourgeoise. This presentation focuses on the birth of lineage societies at the end of the American Revolution through to the 21st century discussing public perceptions of elitism in these organizations and how many of them have shaped the field of genealogy in the United States.
Henric Åsklund, Ph.D (Sweden) is Chairman of the Swedish Heraldry Society, Vice Chairman and Treasurer of the Societas Heraldica Lundensis and Chairman of the election committee of the Societas Heraldica Scandinavica.
The Founding of the Scandinavian Roll of Arms in 1963 and of the Swedish Register of Arms in 2007: Comparing two Revolutions in the Publication of Burgher Arms in Sweden. When Societas Heraldica Scandinavica (SHS) was founded in 1959 the proposal to institute a Roll of Arms was soon put forward, but agreement could not be reached and the Scandinavian Roll of Arms (SVR) was founded as an independent entity. SVR quickly became a guiding reference for the assumption of burgher arms in the Nordic countries. The Swedish Heraldry Society, in collaboration with the Swedish National Committee for Genealogy and Heraldry, launched the Swedish Register of Arms (SV) in 2007 a principal aim of which was to reduce the cost of registration. This led to a revolutionary increase in the number of registered arms. The number of arms registered yearly in SV varies between 3 and 8 times that of SVR, which is open to arms from all the Nordic countries. In 2011 the SVR was transferred to SHS, as was the original intent, and the fee has subsequently been substantially reduced. This paper charts the story of the reformation of a national heraldic system.
Alex Maxwell Findlater, A.I.H. (Scotland) has authored-edited several books on Scottish heraldry and is a former Chairman of the Heraldry Society of Scotland. He was Secretary General of the 32nd International Congress, held in Glasgow, and has recently stepped down as Treasurer of the A.I.H.
The Earldom of Carrick. Fergus King of Galloway was reformed to become Lord of Galloway. His son Gilbert revolted against the king, and was a very turbulent man all in all. His son Duncan was restored in the King’s good graces, and became a model Earl. However in his youth Duncan had not been so compliant, and it was as late as 1225 that he was allowed the comital title. Duncan would have been born in about 1272, and died in 1250. He arranged the marriages of his son, Nicholaus, who died soon after, and also of his grandson Nigel. Nigel left an eldest daughter who married Robert Bruce the elder, and thus Robert Bruce the younger became a King, not of Galloway, his ancestor, but of the whole of Scotland, in another form of restoration.
POSTER PRESENTATION
Steven Ashley, F.H.S., F.S.A., a.i.h. (England) is a Norfolk archaeologist and a former Chairman of the Heraldry Society.
Armorial graffiti in Norwich Castle keep. The Anglo-Norman keep at Norwich was constructed between c.1096 and c.1120 as an extravagant expression royal power and authority. The poster attempts to restore the identity of anonymous arms depicted on the walls, which bear many marks and scars from their long history, preserving both evidence of structural changes to the fabric of the building, and a variety of deliberately inscribed meaningful symbols and texts. The latter include masons’ marks from the construction of the building, and religious, pseudo-armorial, armorial, and other personal graffiti, some of which may have been inscribed by those on castle guard, others by those incarcerated within, including prisoners of state captured in dynastic conflicts and wars of conquest and rebellion. Due to problems of access during the current programme of restoration and reconstruction in the keep, this study remains a work in progress. Therefore, a selection of notable examples of armorial graffiti is described and discussed below and potential further research outlined.
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17.30-18.15 Prize-giving by C.I.G.H. and Closing Ceremony, Riley Auditorium
18.15-19.00. General Assembly of the A.I.G, Elton-Bowring Room
18.15-19.00. General Assembly of the A.I.H., Riley Auditorium.
19.00-20.00 Closing drinks at the Wren Library, Trinity College.
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Friday 19th August. Day of visits and College tours. There were two half day excursions to
Ely Cathedral and Museum, taking in also the interesting medieval churches at Bottisham and Swaffham Prior. The first departed at 09.00 from the south side of Queen’s Road, just to the west of the intersection with West Road. The second coach departed at 13.00, returning at 16.50.
College and University tours. There were ten options.
Christ’s College (afternoon only 16.30-17.15, guide Mr David Broomfield) was a re-foundation of an earlier college by Lady Margaret Beaufort, the mother of King Henry VII, in 1505. The north range of the First Court is from the earlier fifteenth century foundation. In the chapel, the monument to Sir Thomas Baines and Sir John Finch was the subject of a recent paper in the Coat of Arms. Notable alumni: Charles Darwin, Admiral of the Fleet the Earl Mountbatten of Burma (former Patron of C.U.H.A.G.S.).
The Fitzwilliam Museum Library (morning 11.00-11.45, afternoon 14.30-15.15) provided a special display for delegates curated by Dr Suzanne Reynolds, F.S.A. in the Graham Robertson Room. The kernel of the library collection was 10,000 books donated in 1815 by Richard 7th Viscount Fitzwilliam of Merrion.
Gonville and Caius College (morning 10.00-10.45, afternoon 14.30-15.15 guided by Dr Paul Fox). Founded in 1348, the college was re-endowed by the physician Dr John Caius (a graduate of the University of Padua) in 1557. The Elizabethan Caius Court is largely as Queen Elizabeth I would have seen it when she visited. There is much Renaissance symbolism here, and the medieval chapel contains some fine heraldic tombs. Notable alumni: William Harvey, Francis Crick, Stephen Hawking; and a total of 14 Nobel prize winners.
Jesus College (afternoon only 13.30-14.15 guided by Mr David Broomfield) was founded in 1496 by John Alcock, Bishop of Ely, utilising the buildings of a Benedictine Priory founded in the 1130s. It incorporates some of the original monastic buildings. The chapel, which was restored by Pugin in the Arts and Crafts style, contains a monument which has recently excited considerable controversy. Notable alumni: HRH The Earl of Wessex (Congress Patron), Jacob Bronowski, Robert Malthus.
King’s College ( morning 09.00-09.45, afternoon 15.30-16.15 guided by Mr David Broomfield) was founded by King Henry VI in 1441. The main focus of the visit is the famous chapel with its fan vaulting, its carved heraldry and its screens and stalls bearing the cyphers H.R. and A.B. for Henry VIII and his ill-fated queen, Anne Boleyn, and its Renaissance stained glass, also provided by Henry VIII. There is a small museum within one of the side chapels. Notable alumni: Alan Turing, John Maynard Keynes, E.M.Forster.
Magdalene College (morning only 10.00-10.45 guided by Mr David Broomfield) was founded in 1428 as a monastic college, and re-founded in 1542 by Thomas, Lord Audley of Walden. In the early 1700s Samuel Pepys, the noted diarist, left his library to the college, which can be visited as part of a separate tour (see below). Notable alumni: Thomas Cranmer, Samuel Pepys, Charles Kingsley.
Queens’ College (morning only 12.00-12.45 guided by Mr David Broomfield) was originally founded in 1446, and subsequently re-founded by queens, by Margaret of Anjou, wife of King Henry VI in 1448, and in 1475 by her bitter two enemy Elizabeth Woodville, wife of King Edward IV. Richard III was another benefactor. The Old Court is one of the best preserved examples of a medieval Cambridge college, and there is the famous Mathematical Bridge. Notable alumni: Sir Charles Villiers Stanford, Stephen Fry.
Senate House (afternoon only 13.30-14.15, guided by Mr Timothy Milner and Ms Nicola Hardy). At the heart of the University within the precinct known as “The Old Schools”, the Senate House is the ceremonial centre and was constructed 1722-30. It is not normally open to the public.
Sidney Sussex College (morning only 12.00-12.45) with a special display in the library entitled “Lines of life” which has a genealogical focus, hosted by Dr Nicholas Rogers. The college occupies the site of the Grey Friar’s Priory which was suppressed in 1538, and was founded by Lady Frances Sidney, dowager Countess of Sussex, in 1594. It was remodelled by Wyatville during the same period when he was transforming Windsor Castle of George IV. The college’s most famous alumnus was Oliver Cromwell, whose skull rests in the college chapel.
Trinity College (morning 11.00-11.45, afternoon 16.30-17.15, guided by Dr Nicolas Bell). Founded 1546 this is the largest, wealthiest, and most magnificent of the Cambridge Colleges. It was founded by King Henry VIII on the sites of two earlier foundations, King’s Hall (1337) and Michaelhouse (1324). There is much heraldry to be seen in the chapel and the Great Hall. Notable alumni: Isaac Newton, Lord Byron, William Thackeray, Alfred Lord Tennyson, Ernest Rutherford, Bertrand Russell, Ludwig Wittgenstein, Jawaharlal Nehru, Ralph Vaughan Williams.
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19.15-20.00 Drinks reception in the gardens of King’s College
20.00 -23.00 Congress Dinner in the Great Hall, King’s College.
Dress code: Evening dress with decorations. Following the long-established tradition of the Cambridge University Heraldic & Genealogical Society, gentlemen were invited to wear white tie. Black tie, mess dress, and national costume could also be worn.